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Bulletin No. 52 September 15, 1922, 


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COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 
James F, Woodward, Secretary 


BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H. Ashley, State Geologist 


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COAL BEDS IN MERCER, CRAWFORD, VENANGO, FOREST, 
WARREN, McKEAN , POTTER, TIOGA and BRADFORD 
COUNTIES , PENNSY LVANTA 


By 
J. De Sisler 


MERCER COUNTY. 


Introduction. 


: Mercer County is the only county in Pennsylvania that has mined 
and shipped Pottsville coals on’a large commercial scale, These coals 
are thicker here than elsewhere, and were among the first coals mined 
in the State, 


In 1918 Mercer County stood nineteenth in-Pennsylvania as a 
bituminous coal producer. A total of 690,785 tons valued at 
$1,975,177 was produced, 639,324 tons valued at $1,827 ,929 were 
loaded at the mines for shipment; 12,405 tons: Pannen at $36, 149 were 
sold to local trade and used by employees; 39,066 tons were used at 
the mines for steam and heat. None of the coal was made into coke at 
ane Sneha The Brookville (Pardoe) coal furnished a great part of the 
output, 


Mercer County is on the west boundary of the State and lies 
between Crawford County on the north and Lawrence County on the south. 
Its greatest width from east to west is 27 miles and from north to 
south, 24 miles. Its area is 770 square miles. The population in 
1920 was 93,788, 


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Mercer County has many railroads. Phe Bessemer and Lake Erie 
Railroad enters the county at Grove City, and runs north through Mercer 
and Greenville to the northern county line. The Pennsylvania Railroad 
follows the valley of Shenango River from the southern border of the 
county through Farrell and Sharon, then north to Shenango and James- 
town. The Erie Railroad follows the some route to Shenango, thence 
north to Greenville and Kemnard., <A‘branch of the Pennsylvania Railroa 
which enters the county at Leesburg, runs north to Mercer and Stone- 
horo, where it connects with the New York Central Railroad, The latte: 
road enters the county east of Stoneboro and runs northwest to James- 
town and thence to Lake Erie, The Sharpsville Railroad has a few 
miles of track in the southwestern part of the county. The coal 
production of the county has many outlets by these railroads to 
Pittsburgh and to the lakes, 


“The number of improved roads in Mercer County is’ growing each 
year, The dirt roads. are good in the summer and fall, but in winter 
Some of them are nearly impassable. These roads are used to a great 
extent by the farmers for hauling domestic fuel, 


The surface of the county is a peneplain spotted with numerous . 
small rounded hills. There are no deeply cut valleys. Many of the 
main valleys are straight, with gently sloping sides, lacking cliffs 
or massive outcropping rocks. The surface is covered with many feet 
of glacial drift which hides the bed rock, Swamps occupy many 
depressions in the irregular surface left by the glaciers. The rocks 
are almost horizontal, but locally dip 15 degrees to the southwest, 


STRATIGRAPHY. 


The upper formations of Pennsylvanian age have been eroded; only 
the lower part of the Allegheny formation remains in a few isolated 
hilltops near the southern and eastern county line. 

The Pottsville formation, having on average thickness of 250 feet, 
covers a large part of the county. It is capped by a massive sand- 
Stone, averaging 50 feet thick, and the Sharon conglomerate marks the 
base, The Pottsville formation contains valuable coal and iron beds. 


The Mauch Chunk formation has en extensive outcrop in the county. 
It is composed of green and red shales, and thin sandstones. 


The Pocono and Catskill formations may have limited outcrops in 
the county which are covered with glacial drift. 


The lower formations, the Mississippian and Devonian, have been 
tested for oil and gas, but they are not coal bearing. 
COALS. 
There were seven workable coal beds in the county, and several 
other thin and unimportant ones. The Brookville (Pardoe) coal is the 


only important bed remaining, the others having been mined out, 


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Sharon Coal, The Sharon coal is the lowest bed (geologically 
speaking) that has been mined in Pennsylvania, This bed was mined‘and 
practically exhausted more than 50 years ago, At the present time, to 
the knowledge of the author, there is not an opening in this coal in 
the county. Many thousands of tons were mined from this bed in the 
detached areas in the western part of the county for use as steam and 
domestic fuel and in blast furnaces. The coal is low in sulphur, very 
high in moisture and variable in ash. Locally the fixed carbon is 
very high, with a correspondingly low percentage of volatile matter. 
The coal is hard, bright and mines out in good sized lumps. It 
disintegrates very fast on exposure and is not suitable for storage. 
Its value for raw use in the iron furnace was due to bands of mineral 
charcoal distributed through the bituminous matter which prevented the 
mass from caking. 


The bed ranges from 2 few inches to 5 feet, and averages about 4 
feet thick. The coal is generally very clean, with no distinct binders 
or partings. locally the coal is so poor that it could be classed as 
a bituminous shale, 


Quakertown Coal. The Quakertown cosl is persistent in Mercer 
County, but nowhere is so thick or-pure as the Sharon coal. It is too 
thin to mine on a commercial scale, but it has been opened for domestic 
use in a few localities, It is generally an absolutely clean bed of 
bright shiny coal, low in sulphur, low in ash, high in moisture, and 
medium in fixed carbon:and volatile matter. In Chio, where it is 
mined on a large scale, it is highly prized for burning ceramic wore,, 
and for steaming and general heating purposes. 


In Mercer County, the Quakertown coal lies from 80 to 100 feet 
above the Sharon coal, Its horizon is marked in many places by 2 few 
inches of coal or several feet of bituminous shale. In several town- 
Ships, especially East Leckawannock, it is 2 feet thick and has been 
mined for local use, 


Lower Mercer Coal, This unimportant coal, lying about 160 feet 
above the Sharon cool, is used almost exclusively for domestic fuel, 
its maximum thickness is 4 feet, The top half is very impure, and 
unminesble, Locally the bed is divided into an upper and lower bench 
by a shale parting near the bottom of the bed ranging from 2 few inches 
to several feet thick. 


A coal bed occurs in‘Sandy Lake township between the two Mercer 
coals, It has been mined, and shows two benches, a top one 4 feet 
thick separated by 4 feet of fire clay from a lower one 20 inches | 
thick, ‘Where it has been mined at Mople Grove it is fairly clean and 
free from partings. 


Upper Mercer Coal, The Upper Mercer coal, another impure bed, 
lies from 10 to 16 feet below the base of the Homewood sandstone, 
This coal is mined only in a few places. The bed is thin, nowhere 
exceeding 3 feet, and many bands of slate and sulphur make it dirty. 


Its average thickness is less than lz inches. 


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Brookville (Pardoe) Conl. The Brookville (Pardoe) coal is the 

st. important coal in Mercer County. All the lerge mines ore work- 
tet this bed, and practically the entire output of the county comes 
from it. The coal ranges from 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet thick, and is 
free from sony noticeable ‘impurities, with the exception of a pyrite 
bend of one inch or less, generally from 4 to 10 inches from the top. 
Locally other bindezs develop, and 2 few inches of "draw slate" occur 
at the top of the bed, 


fhe Brookville is a steam and domestic coal having a low fuel 
ratio, rather high moisture, ash medium, and sulphur fairly low when 
the poineee are discarded in mining. The coal does not clinker under 
the boiler It is rather friable, and breaks up in shipment. 


CRAWRORD COUNTY. 


Crawford County hos practically no workable coal, The Allegheny 
and higher coal bearing formations sre lackingé The Sharon cool in 
the Pottsvilie forrotion, the only bed present, is confined to 2 few 
high hills in the southern townships, Tt is locally 4 feet thick, is 
nae and dirty, and under such thin cover that it has little ox 
no value. 


VENANGO COUNTY, 


nm ee 


The lower part of the Allegheny formation and the Pottsville 
formation, containing several thin ena dirty coal beds, outcrop in the 
tops of the knobs in’the southern part of Venango County. ‘The Middle 
and lower Kittanning, Clarion and Mercer conls are present, but-none 
of them exceeds 2 feet in thickness. They are extremely impure, and 
only one, the Clarion, has been opened. This coal was used for 
raising steam in oil well drilling. 


FOREST COUNTY. 


The rocks of Forest County lie practically flat, and the Potts-~ 
ville formation forms a broad plateau, which is deeply trenched by 
streams. 


About 60 feet of the lower pert of the Allegheny formation is 
present in a few of the high hills through the middle of Jenks town- 
Ship in the southeastern part of the county. These hills contain the 
Clarion coal, which is locally 2 feet 3 inches thick. 


SOE ae 


Digitized by the Internet Archive == — 
in 2022 with funding from | 
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https://archive.org/details/coalbedsinmercerOOsisl_ 0 


The Mercer (Alton) coals are represented by onc or two beds of 
Shaly cool that are locally 3 feet thick, end underlie the higher 
summits enst of Allegheny River. 


The Sharon (Upper Marshburg) cool is generally a dirty split bed 
about 3 fect thick, underlying most of the higher areas, 

Coal has not been mined on a commercial scale in the county, as 
the coals have little value at present. 


WARREN COUNTY, 


arent 


The cool bearing rocks ef Warren County consist of the basal 
sandstones of the Pottsville, which cap the highest points in the 
southern half of the county. These rocks contain two coals, The 
Upper one, a few feet above the Sharon coal, is thin, averaging less 
than 12 inches thick, and is’very dirty. The Sharon coal averages 2 
feet thick, has fair quality, and has furnished much fuel for local 
use, The roof is taken down for height, 


McKEAN COUNTY. 


adv en eee 


McKean County is topographically 2. High plateau, much dissected 
by streams. The conl bearing formtions, the Allegheny and Pottsville, 
occur in small, isolated areas in the highest points on this plateau. 


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CO..L BEDS. 


Sharon (Upper Marshburg) Cool, This bed, lying about 125 fcet 


below the top of the Pottsville conglomerate, has been opened at many 
places in the Alton and Clermont basins. It averages less than 2 
Feet thick, and is dirty. 


¢ 


Mercer (Alton) Coal Group, Three coals, lying at the horizon 


of the Mercer coal, are the most extensive and important coals in the 
county. 


The lower coal is thickest in the eastern part of the county. 
It has been opened at Hamlin, Splint and Lyman Camp mines, where it 
averages 4 feet thick. The roof and floor are very rolly, sometimes 
"cutting out" the bed entirely. 


The middle coal is generally composed of two to four benches 
separated by shale partings, It has been mined at Alton, Lafayette 


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township, where it ranges from 4 to 8 feet thick, including partings,. 
This is a very unusual thickness. 


The upper coal ranges from 2 feet to 3 feet 6 inches thick, and 
is generally one bench, although locally the bed is full of thin bone 
partingss This coal was worked many years ago at Buttsville, and near 
Clermont, but the openings are now fallen shut. 


Clarion (Clermont, "A" ) Coal. This bed, lying from 60 to 70 
feet below the Lower Kittanning, has been mined in Sergeant and 
Norwich townships, but the openings are now abandoned. It is reported 
4 feet thick on the head of Indian Run. ‘In the Clermont basin it is 

£ feet 4 inches to 3 feet 6 inches thick, it is hard and brittle, 


high in ash and sulphur, and is nearly 40 per cent volatile matter, 


_In Davis Hill, Lafayette township, the bed is 3 feet 6 inches to 
5 feet thick, with a local‘parting near the top. The bed is present 
in several other townships, but averages less than 2 feet thick. 


Lower Kittanning (Dagus, "B" ) Coal. The Lower Kittanning coal 
underlies about fifty acres in the Clermont Basin, and a few isolated 
areas’in the Norwich Basin. It ranges from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 
thick, and has fair quality. It is not mined at the present time 
because roof and bottom "rolls" and its limited area make mining 
unprofitable. 


POTTER COUNTY, 
SSS SS 


Four or five synclinal basins which cross Potter County in a 
general northeast-southwest direction, contain a few isolated areas 
of Allegheny and Pottsville coalss The basal sandstones of the 
Pottsville make broad table lands, and ohly the highest hills contain 
the coal beds. 


The Kettle Creek basin is a shallow trough midway between the 
Blossburg and Gaines coal basins of Tioga County, which spoon out 
just beyond the Potter County line. This basin has preserved a few 
acres of coal in a hilltop near Germania, Abbott township. The coal 
has been mined for local use, 


The Pine Creek basin of Potter County is a prolongation of the 
Gaines basin of Tioga County. A coal bed 3‘feet 2 inches thick has 
been opened on Wittenmore Run. It is hard, clean coal, carrying 
sulphur 0.9 per cent; ash 9.8 per cent; volatile matter 30.9 per cent, 
The coal is excellent for steaming and domestic use. 


Other basins contain a few isolated areas of inferior coal in 
the highest hilltops, 


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4 iver 


TIOGA COUNTY e 
Fa 


Introduction. 


The coal bearing formations of Tioga County sre contained in 
two canoe-shaped synclinal basins. The first and most important, the 
Blossburg basin, extends in 2 general northeast-southwest direction, 
across Ward, Covington, Hamilton, Bloss, Duncan, Liberty, and Morris 
townships. The largest acreages of coal are in \iard, Hamilton, 
Bloss and Duncan townships; the other townships contain only a few 
outlying areas. 


The second, or Gaines basin, extending diagonally across the 
county a few miles north of and approximately parallel to the Bloss- 
burg basin, has’preserved a few small areas of coal in northern 
Gaines township, and one small area in northern Delmar township. 


Tioga County ranks eighteenth in Pennsylvania as a bituminous 
coal‘producing county.’ In 1918, the total production was ‘834,385 
tons, valued at $2,552,517. Of this amount, 789,407-tons, vakued at 
$2 ,425;923 were loaded at the mines‘for shipment; 33,822 tons, valued 
at $96,046 were sold to local trade, and used by employees; 11,156 
tons, valued at $30,548 were used at the mines for steam and heat. 
None of the coal was coked at the mines. 


Tioga County has four mineable coal beds,‘three of which are or 
have been mined for shipping coal, These beds, situated in small 
basins, in a region that is otherwise lacking in coal, have had preat 
local importance for many years. 


Tioga County is on the northern boundary of the State, between 
Potter and Bradford counties. Its maximum width from east to west 
is 37.5 miles, and from north to south 31.5 miles; its area is 1,142 
Square miles. The population in 1920 was 37,118, 


Practically all the highways in the coal districts af Tioga 
County are improved, They are used for hauling coal to local con- 
sumerse, During times of high prices these roads were also used for 
transportine coal to railroad sidings. 


The Blossburg ‘district is served by the Erie Railroad which runs 
through Morris Run, Blossburg, Arnot, Landrus, Morris and Hoytville, 
The New York Central Railroad runs south to Antrim from Wellsboro, 
The Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad serves the Gaines district. 


COAL BEDS. 


The most important coal bed, the "Bloss," has been correlated 
as the Lower Kittanning. This correlation has not been proved 
definitely, but will be used by this Survey until more detailed work 


au FY « 


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is donee The correlation of the othcr beds is even more uncertain. 


The coals of Tioga County are generally soft and friable, and 
break up into slack and small lumps, irregular cubes in shape. They 
have long been classed as semi-bituminous and are used with great 
success as steam and blacksmithing coals. They range from 17 to 24 
per cent volatile matter; 60 to 72 per cent fixed carbon; 6 to 18 per 
cent ash; and .69 to 3 per cent sulphur, 


Coal Beds in the Blossbure Basin. 


Bear Creek Coal, This bed, lying from 20 to 40 feet below the 
"Bloss" bed, is very irregular in thickness and quality. At Fall- 
brook it ranges from 12 to 30 inches thick, ‘averaging about 20 
inches. It is a good, scmi-bituminous coal, but higher in ash than 
the "Bloss." At Morris Run this bed is reported 2 feet 6 inches 
thick; it averares less than 2 feet thick at Arnot and Antrim. This 
coal will be important after the "Bloss" has boen exhausted, 


Bloss (Lower Kittanning 7?) Coal. This bed is the most impor- 
tant one in Tioga County. It has been a large producer for many 
years, and is rapidly being exhausted. At Fallbrook it ranges from 
2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet thick, averaging 2 feet 6 inches; locally 
a@ bone parting 8 inches thick is present about 6 inches above the 
bottom, At Morris Bun thé coal averages 5 fect thick, is regular 
and has excellent quality. At Arnot the "Bloss" bed avorares 2 feet 
LO inches thick, and is divided into irregular benches by two to four 
bone partings, ranging from 1 to 8 inches thick. The coal ranges 
from 2 to 3 fect thick at Antrim and generally carries one or two 
bono partines 1 to 6 inches thick. jm average of ecight analyses of 
the Bloss coal gives: volatile matter 19.74, fiszed carbon 68.97, 
sulphur 0,68, and ash 9,13 per cent. 


‘Morgan Coal. This coal, lying about 40 fcet above the Bloss 
coal, is senerally of mineable thickness but is invariably full of 
clay’ Shale and bone partings, At Fallbrook it is 2 feet 1 inch 
thick, including a 3 inch shale parting, 10 inches above thc bottom. 
Both benche $ contain numorous "knife blades" of pyrite and bonc. 

At Morris Run, ..mnot and intrim the bed ranges from 12 inches to 3 
feet thick and is too dirty to be mined profitably at prcescnt. 


‘ Seymour Coal, This bed, lying about 140 feet above the Bloss 
bed, Will be-inmortant in the future. It is 2 fcct 8 inches thick 
at Fallbrook, 2 feet 6 inches at Morris Run; ’at Arnot 2 fect 8 
inches; at intrim it is locally .6 feet thick, but averages less than 
3 feet. The coal is very high in sulphur. 


Several other thin coal beds, lying at different intervals 
above and below the "Bloss" bed, arc thin and unimportant. 


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GAINES DISTRICT. 

The Gaines coal basin is at Gurnee on the crest of the mountain 
4 miles northeast of Gaines. The coal is in the Pottsville formation 
160 feet above the Sharon conglomerate. 


"Coal has been known to occur in the Gaines basin for half a 
century or more and was actively exploited about twenty-five years 
ago. At that time careful examinations were undertaken and open= 
ings on coal were made at many points, on the basis of which a 
minutely detailed geologic section showing the presence of‘ll coals, 
4 of which were reported to be 3 feet or more in thickness, was made 
out. On the basis of ‘this section an& the accompanying report a 
company was organized, a railroad built up the side of the mountain 
from lansing, 700 feet below, and a mine opened on the most promising 
bed, then known as the Knox and Billings coal. This coal proved to be 
of good quality and to possess a fairly persistent thickness of about 
3 feet, and was actively mined for a number of years. The mining 
developments; however, brought to light unexpected dips, and the coal, 
instead of underlying the whole of the broad flats of the mountain 
top, was found to underlie an area of less than a square mile. It 
also gradually became certain that the many openings, supposedly on 
different coals, were in reality on a single bed, with the exception 

of a 3-inch bed occurring 15 or 20 feet above the top of the conglom- 
erate, The area was long ago exhausted of all the coal that could 
profitably be mined by the larger company, and the mines were 
practically abandoned, though they have since ’been reopened and are 
Still worked on a small scale by Mr. P. Smith, who was foreman of the 
company « 


The coal-is cuboidal and on a fresh surface is seen to consist 
of deep black, shiny layers alternating with duller partings of 
amorphous carbon, It is rather soft and friable and carries 
considerable sulphur. Its coke is also friable but mects the require- 
ments of good blacksmiths coal, for which use it is in considerable 
demand, ‘It is popular in the surrounding country for general heating 
purposes, and at the present time is also in demand as a fucol in the 

nearby oil field." 


} The foregoing quotation is from the Gaines folio of the Geologic 
Braannos the United States, published by the U. S. Geological Survey 
in 1903. 


In the summer of 1921, L. H. Woodcock, R, D. No. 4, Westfield, 
who lives at Gurnee, opened a drift mine near the top of a hill at 
Gurnee and in August 1922 was employing 5 miners to supply a steady 
local demand for coal, The drift at that time was 120 feet lone. 
The thickness of the bed is as follows: 


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saat a: One an ee eat RO Oe 


Woodcock mine, Gaines district. 


oe 


Main heading Second lcft room 
inches inches 
Laminated bone 2 . Laminated coal 1 
Bright coal 5 Dull coal Tost 
Dirt O+ Bone 1 
Bright coal 2 Dull coal 10 
Dirt ‘h Bone 14 
Dull coal 14 Dull coal 4; 
244 22 


BRADFORD COUNTY. 


Introduction, 


The coal bearing formations of Bradford County are confined to 
the Barclay basin in Barclay and Icroy townships. There are possibly 
30,000 acres in the field, which contains the Lower Kittanning and 
Brookville coals, The production is small, and at the prescnt time 
none. of the mines are working. 


The Barclay basin is served by the Susquehanna and New York 
Railroad. 


COAL BEDS. 


Brookville ("A") Coal. This bed, lying from 60 to 80 feet 
below the Lower Kittanning coal, ranges from 12 inches to 3 fect 6 
inches thick, It locally has an 8 inch shale parting in the middle, 
in addition to numerous "knife blades” of bone. locally the coal is 
cannée loid in physical character, but generally it is tender and 
breaks in long sticks. 


The Brookville coal belongs to the semi-bituminous type. The 
Percenverc ose water 1s.0.85; volatile matter 16.6; fixed carbon 67.2; 
sulphur. ,5; ash 14,7. 


Lower Kittanning ("B") Coal. The Lower Kittanning is the most 
important coal in the Barclay basin, and yiclds nearly the total pro- 
duction. Its area is smaller than that of the Brookville, 


The Lower Kittanning coal is generally a trip le-‘bed, consisting 
of three benches of coal, separatcd by shale partinges, ranging from 
e to 8 inches thick. ‘The lower bench ranges‘from 10 inches to 3 feet 
thick, and ig friable, colummar in structure, and‘deep black in color, 
The middle bench ranges from 4 to 18 inches thick, and is also soft 
and friable. -The top bench ranges from 16 inches to 2 feet thick, 
and is harder, and docs not break up when mined, 


The Lower Kittanning coal averages 17 per cent volatile mattor, 
70 per cont fixcd carbon, ,8 per cent sulphur, and 10 per cont ash. 
The coal is excellent for Steaming and smithing purposes, 


Nar 


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, 


~ UNIVERSITY OF 


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